Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation, book review

This book is another of my top five in business and economics. Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation, by James Utterback professor of management and engineering at MIT, is about the crucial role of innovation in the life cycles of industries; how some innovations create companies and industries, some preserve them and some kill them.  James Utterback, is a master story teller who writes how famous and obscure innovators created new industries and destroyed old ones. He weaves case studies into fundamental patterns that clearly illustrate the role of innovations in all industries. He shows how product innovations create new industries with scores of new entries and almost as many failures, how standardization and process innovations consolidate them into a few longer-lived dominant suppliers, and how marketing innovations enable dominant suppliers to increase their profit margins and ward off direct competition, imitators and new industries, until another radical innovation eventually overwhelms them.

His succinct and fascinating tales include: the history of the block ice industry, for which Boston was its silicon valley, and how refrigeration replaced it; the history of the typewriter and what made the inferior QWERTY keyboard its standard; the history of film and the innovations of George Eastman which made his company the dominant supplier; the history of the automobile industry, in which Ford Motor company  had a 43% market share in 1922 and less than 10% by 1926; the history of the aircraft industry and what made the DC-3 its first dominant standard; the history of electric lighting industry and Thomas Edison’s battles with gas lighting; and the history of the plate glass industry which he uses to illustrate how all industries inevitably move from batch processing to continuous flow processing.

The life cycle of each new industry begins with its product innovative phase when many small, informally structured suppliers sell their products to varying market niches on the basis of technical differences. Sooner or later a set of product standards emerge as winners in the marketplace.  These standards are never the best of breed in a particular characteristic, but a group of Continue reading

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Class warfare is alive, well and killing our GDP

Our middle class is shrinking, our GDP is shrinking, budget deficits are soaring and public education is degenerating. Those four things are linked in a downward spiraling feedback loop. However, we can halt the decline and eventually return to widespread prosperity. This post describes the economic challenge, its causes and the first steps to a sustainable solution in a democratic society. It has four parts:

Class warfare is real and intrinsic
Tribalism drives class warfare
Middle-class: the engine of growth, learning and innovation
First steps to renewed prosperity

Class warfare is real and intrinsic
It isn’t politically correct to suggest that the wealthy, middle class and poor form classes that compete for money and power. It is, however, necessary and accurate to do so. The distribution of wealth among these classes is part of a structural challenge to our economic system, to a healthy GDP, and to the survival of our democracy.

A recent paper by Michael Norton and Dan Ariely shows that, by 2005, over 83% of all private wealth in this country was owned by the richest 20%, while the poorest 40% shared only 1% of the wealth! Another paper by Prof. Emmanuel Saez of UC Berkeley shows that the upper 1 in 10,000 people in 2007 received 6% of total compensation in wages, bonuses and capital gains! Members of Congress and lobbyists, who blatantly represent the wealthy and powerful, either pretend such a lopsided distribution doesn’t exist or accuse others of inventing it to attack the deserving rich.  

The structural challenge is this: if an economy isn’t properly regulated by social structure, then wealth, power and education will continue to centralize, concentrating into the control of fewer and fewer people until ―a handful of relatively wealthy, educated elite are supported by a mass of uneducated poor, living lives of quiet desperation in an economy that is a tiny fraction of todays.

The driving force behind this concentration of wealth is an economic form of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics that all unmaintained systems degenerate to states of lower productivity. Economic decay relentlessly centralizes wealth like the constant tug of gravity draws water down to the ocean; unless that water is impeded by physical barriers.

Centralization of wealth isn’t an issue of who’s making day to day decisions. Even if our most talented and socially conscientious people controlled wealth, businesses and governments, the process would still happen unless structural barriers were in place. The quality of leadership merely Continue reading

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It’s Not the Economy: it’s partisan schlock

There’s a rising chorus of whining and finger pointing from the Wall Street tribe that the recession is due to the mess in Washington.  It should reach a crescendo, amplified by money and sloppy reporting, in the weeks before the November election. A mess exists in Washington; that’s clear. However, the gist of articles like “It’s NOT the Economy, Stupid: It’s the Mess in Washington” written by Jeff Cox, a CNBC staff writer, is that a Republican takeover of at least one House in Congress will cure our financial ills.  

Cox’s article is bogus on three levels:  a) His so-called experts lack objectivity and relevant knowledge to support the headline, b) Cox lacked objectivity and professionalism when he wrote it and c) CNBC, management lacks competence and integrity  for promoting self-serving political agendas under the guise of news and for tolerating sloppy, unprofessional reporting by their staff. (Jeff Cox is pretty much par for the CNBC course, better even than some of his compatriots.)

 His leading expert, David Kotok founder of Cumberland Advisors, ―a wealth management firm for individuals and governments― attributes motives to small-business owners that he can’t possibly know: “Businesses―especially smaller businesses, independent businesses― they don’t know what their cost structures are going to be because of government-imposed changes.”  Then he makes an assertion he could only have pulled out of his ear or another, less hygienic orifice:Half the US economy’s holding back because of this great uncertainty that’s coming from Washington.” Speculative BS!

It flys in the face of my 16 years as CEO of a smaller business in a highly competitive industry: a hi-tech company near Silicon Valley. None of the factors he cited were ever motives for hiring or not hiring, investing or not investing in new products, new facilities, or new equipment. We focused on market opportunities, new technologies and Continue reading

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Thus Cheap Money does make addicts of us all!

To keep their economies afloat, Central bankers, at their annual meeting  in Jackson Hole, once again committed to continue or increase the supply of cheap money.  However, some of them are starting to recognize that the outcome of their efforts is increasingly uncertain; perhaps some of them realize deep-down that they can do little more than make rich people even richer for a little while longer. They wait in vain for a dazed public and zonked out politicians to do what it takes to restore healthy economies and fiscally sound governments, while continuing to supply them their drugs of choice.

Cheap credit and abundant money are drugs, and we are long since addicted; requiring ever larger doses just to maintain a semblance of normalcy. However, these drugs don’t produce real economic health, rather they create a set of winners and a compensating set of losers; just as drugs make pushers winners and addicts losers. The winners include creditor nations like China and those executives who use their bloated compensations to loot the resources (real and imagined) of behemoth banks and corporations. The losers in our country include Continue reading

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What happens to you doesn’t change your happiness!

If you won the lottery for $100 million would that make you happier the rest of your life? If you suffered an injury that made you a paraplegic would that make you permanently gloomier? Prof. Dan Gilbert of Harvard says that contrary to a universal belief, it just doesn’t happen that way. In the first part of a fascinating 21 minute video,he cites cases and statistics from his research, which indicate that our brains normally operate around some biologically controlled level of happiness; some of us being naturally much happier than others. People who win lotteries, who suffer life altering injuries or who are incarcerated for years, temporarily feel the way we would expect, but after 3 weeks to a year their brains compensate for their new situations and return them to pre-event levels of happiness. (When you think about it, this is what happens for most of us after a loved one dies.)

Certainly it’s better to win the lottery or a promotion than to be paralyzed in an accident, but external events do not permanently change our natural level of happiness. Since happiness changes from an event or achievement wont endure, then risking everything for a particular objective or to avoid a specific failure is not particularly wise.

Prof. Gilbert goes on to shatter another myth about happiness: that we can predict what will make us happy. Our ability to make good predictions on this subject is pathetic, almost non-existent. For example, Continue reading

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Childish CEO’s whine about adult supervision

It’s time to take the gloves off! As a former CEO, I’m ashamed of the juvenile whining of CEO’s like JP Morgan’s Jamie Dimon, General Electric’s Jeffrey Immelt, Coca Cola’s Muhtar Kent, Intel’s Paul Otellini and Forbes Magazine’s Steve Forbes .  Like taunting insecure bullies on a playground, they call President Obama names and compare him to Hitler. They allege that more regulations and more taxes are anti-business, as if they were entitled to freely plunder, pollute and corrupt their companies and society. If they were entrepreneurs, or even capable leaders, they would be breaking new ground and seizing new opportunities instead of characterizing themselves as potential victims of big bad government.

I’m not surprised that they behave like teenagers railing against adult supervision. It’s taken decades of benign neglect to wind up with this self-indulgent crop of executives. Men who bleat like this are the natural consequences of broken processes for selecting and supervising CEOs, lenient treatment for the last 30 years by Federal and State governments, inherited wealth, and a public mesmerized by money and power.

Instead of entrepreneurs, leaders or even managers, we have a crop of bureaucratic administrators capable only of using their powers of potentates to tip toe along safe, traditional paths of size and domination while expecting the public and governments to subserviently make it easier for them. Instead of embracing and using uncertainty to competitive advantage, they fear it and expect the rest of us to sacrifice ourselves in order to make it more certain for them to plunder their companies with exorbitant compensations and golden parachutes while bloating their egos with unwarranted respect and adulation. 

It’s time for adult supervision; let them cry, whine, quit and get fired. Those things, like the tantrums of spoiled children required to behave like mature adults or the painful screams of a heroin addicts withdrawing cold-turkey, will be signs that we’ve Continue reading

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